西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：黃色軟件大全:scdclw.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是黃色軟件大全:西安鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一(yi)、銅的物(wu)理化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發(fa)現(xian)(xian)最早而(er)且又(you)(you)是(shi)常(chang)被應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)得(de)得(de)心應(ying)(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學符號是(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子(zi)序數是(shi)29、原(yuan)子(zi)量是(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫(mei)瑰紅(hong)色(se)，比重是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強(qiang)度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，易(yi)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良，良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱更易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，不能做防(fang)(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作用(yong)(yong)生成(cheng)褐色(se)硫化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二氧化(hua)(hua)碳作用(yong)(yong)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)氯形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)它電(dian)鍍(du)金(jin)(jin)屬之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)(ke)做為(wei)防(fang)(fang)止滲碳氮(dan)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)(yong)于鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打(da)底(di)用(yong)(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔點(dian)低(di)，容(rong)易(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工。所(suo)以鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)(yi)絕大(da)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)(you)能很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)(xian)作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)創作意圖(tu)，且色(se)澤渾厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)裝飾材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)環(huan)境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作大(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)，又(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)做靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)點(dian)綴裝飾。所(suo)以這種(zhong)工藝(yi)(yi)受到很(hen)多(duo)藝(yi)(yi)術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)為(wei)許多(duo)壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選(xuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入金(jin)(jin)屬錫(xi)冶(ye)煉(lian)而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相(xiang)對(dui)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)易(yi)變形(xing)(xing)，所(suo)以一(yi)般只適于制作一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊(kuai)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)(jia)(jia)入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)熔點(dian)卻由(you)原(yuan)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，有一(yi)定準確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有一(yi)種(zhong)華(hua)貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
二、黃色軟件大全:西安鍛銅(tong)浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)技術和工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美感和觸覺(jue)美感。銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術之美是集材質之美、工(gong)藝(yi)之美和藝(yi)術之美三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學(xue)習和研究銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑需(xu)要(yao)從這(zhe)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)入手，即使是藝(yi)術欣賞也是需(xu)要(yao)這(zhe)三(san)方(fang)(fang)面來進(jin)行，如(ru)果只是從一個方(fang)(fang)面就很難了解和把握銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)諦和豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)材料和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)、結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑對加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。所以成型(xing)和制(zhi)作方(fang)(fang)法主(zhu)要(yao)包括鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接、鉚(liu)接、切割等五大加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而且在裝(zhuang)飾工(gong)藝(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還主(zhu)要(yao)有鑲嵌、雕金(jin)、鍍(du)金(jin)和鍍(du)銀三(san)大類(lei)。
（一）鑄造工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝是(shi)銅(tong)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)成型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝之一，它的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)方法是(shi)首先要(yao)用黏土或(huo)者(zhe)其它可塑材料做(zuo)出原型(xing)，然后再翻(fan)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)材料的(de)(de)(de)不同，主要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶(tao)范鑄造(zao)
它是我國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)技術(shu)之一(yi)(yi)，我們的(de)(de)祖先早在商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了(le)這(zhe)種工(gong)藝(yi)，并用此工(gong)藝(yi)制作了(le)大量的(de)(de)青銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)品(pin)，成(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)享譽(yu)世(shi)界的(de)(de)青銅文化(hua)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)方法(fa)首先是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)模子(zi)，制作陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要精選細(xi)黏土敷在模型(xing)上(shang)(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)時分(fen)(fen)(fen)塊取下(xia)陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)片多少(shao)視造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)復雜程度而定。如(ru)果要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)或器物(wu)，在做好(hao)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要做陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部要預先做好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口(kou)和出氣孔(kong)。最后(hou)把內(nei)、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并敷上(shang)(shang)泥(ni)層進行加固。做好(hao)上(shang)(shang)述工(gong)作，即可以熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)復雜的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)一(yi)(yi)次成(cheng)型(xing)，因此需要采用分(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)全身人像雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，我們將(jiang)其(qi)頭與(yu)身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別制成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將(jiang)四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫(zan)不拿出，再與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時四(si)肢(zhi)便與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營黃色軟件大全:鍛銅雕(diao)塑定制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一(yi)、銅的物(wu)理化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發(fa)現(xian)(xian)最早而(er)且又(you)(you)是(shi)常(chang)被應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)得(de)得(de)心應(ying)(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學符號是(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子(zi)序數是(shi)29、原(yuan)子(zi)量是(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫(mei)瑰紅(hong)色(se)，比重是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強(qiang)度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，易(yi)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良，良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱更易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，不能做防(fang)(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作用(yong)(yong)生成(cheng)褐色(se)硫化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二氧化(hua)(hua)碳作用(yong)(yong)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)氯形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以可(ke)(ke)做其(qi)它電(dian)鍍(du)金(jin)(jin)屬之底(di)鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)(ke)做為(wei)防(fang)(fang)止滲碳氮(dan)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用(yong)(yong)于鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打(da)底(di)用(yong)(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔點(dian)低(di)，容(rong)易(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工。所(suo)以鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)(yi)絕大(da)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)(you)能很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)(xian)作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)創作意圖(tu)，且色(se)澤渾厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)裝飾材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)環(huan)境配合，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作大(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)，又(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)做靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)點(dian)綴裝飾。所(suo)以這種(zhong)工藝(yi)(yi)受到很(hen)多(duo)藝(yi)(yi)術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)為(wei)許多(duo)壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑(su)(su)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選(xuan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入金(jin)(jin)屬錫(xi)冶(ye)煉(lian)而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相(xiang)對(dui)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)易(yi)變形(xing)(xing)，所(suo)以一(yi)般只適于制作一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊(kuai)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)(jia)(jia)入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)熔點(dian)卻由(you)原(yuan)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，有一(yi)定準確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有一(yi)種(zhong)華(hua)貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
銅(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)技術和工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美感和觸覺(jue)美感。銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術之美是集材質之美、工(gong)藝(yi)之美和藝(yi)術之美三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學(xue)習和研究銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑需(xu)要(yao)從這(zhe)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)入手，即使是藝(yi)術欣賞也是需(xu)要(yao)這(zhe)三(san)方(fang)(fang)面來進(jin)行，如(ru)果只是從一個方(fang)(fang)面就很難了解和把握銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)諦和豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)材料和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)、結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)制(zhi)雕塑對加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。所以成型(xing)和制(zhi)作方(fang)(fang)法主(zhu)要(yao)包括鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接、鉚(liu)接、切割等五大加工(gong)成型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而且在裝(zhuang)飾工(gong)藝(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還主(zhu)要(yao)有鑲嵌、雕金(jin)、鍍(du)金(jin)和鍍(du)銀三(san)大類(lei)。
（一）鑄造工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝是(shi)銅(tong)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)成型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝之一，它的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)方法是(shi)首先要(yao)用黏土或(huo)者(zhe)其它可塑材料做(zuo)出原型(xing)，然后再翻(fan)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型(xing)材料的(de)(de)(de)不同，主要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶(tao)范鑄造(zao)
它是我國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)技術(shu)之一(yi)(yi)，我們的(de)(de)祖先早在商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了(le)這(zhe)種工(gong)藝(yi)，并用此工(gong)藝(yi)制作了(le)大量的(de)(de)青銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)品(pin)，成(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)享譽(yu)世(shi)界的(de)(de)青銅文化(hua)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)方法(fa)首先是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)模子(zi)，制作陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要精選細(xi)黏土敷在模型(xing)上(shang)(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)時分(fen)(fen)(fen)塊取下(xia)陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)泥(ni)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)片多少(shao)視造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)復雜程度而定。如(ru)果要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)或器物(wu)，在做好(hao)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要做陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部要預先做好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口(kou)和出氣孔(kong)。最后(hou)把內(nei)、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并敷上(shang)(shang)泥(ni)層進行加固。做好(hao)上(shang)(shang)述工(gong)作，即可以熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對(dui)于造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)復雜的(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)一(yi)(yi)次成(cheng)型(xing)，因此需要采用分(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)全身人像雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，我們將(jiang)其(qi)頭與(yu)身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別制成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將(jiang)四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫(zan)不拿出，再與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時四(si)肢(zhi)便與(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營黃色軟件大全:鍛銅雕(diao)塑定制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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